The Defence Systems Equipment International (DSEi) is the highly-visible tip of a very large murky iceberg of UK government financial support for arms exports. Two years ago, in July 2001, the Oxford Research Group teamed up with Saferworld to publish The Subsidy Trap, which outlined how £420m of taxpayers' money was being used directly and indirectly annually to support the export of arms from Britain. That amounted to £4,600 for every job supported in defence exports.
Soon afterwards, in December 2001,senior MoD economists published with external academics their own cost-benefit analysis of a reduction in arms exports. They suggested that the economic costs of reducing defence exports are relatively small and largely one-off.
Secondly, as a consequence, they suggest that the balance of argument about defence exports should depend mainly on non-economic considerations. In his statement to the House of Lords on the matter the following month, Lord Bach, Minister for Defence Procurement, denied, despite the evidence, that there were any subsidies, but argued that in any case the prime reason for government support lay in foreign policy considerations. It looked as if we had the government on the run over their claim that arms exports benefit jobs and the British economy.
Since then, as well as our own lobbying of government officials, the issue has been taken up by CAAT in their “Shelling Out” campaign and by the Speak Out student activist group. Journalist and public awareness on the issue has risen significantly. Previously the general assumption had been that although arms trading was frequently immoral, it was largely beneficial to the UK economy. Now, despite government denials, this has switched: it is immoral, has little benefit to the economy, but can be useful for foreign policy reasons. But this hardly speaks to the electorate, who frequently see such foreign adventures as the concerns of big business and the elite, the result of an unhealthy relationship between New Labour and business.
Clear and unambiguous support
British government officials support military exports to anyone who will buy them--as long as they pass through the licensing system. True, licensing has been tightened recently with the Arms Export Control Act of 2002, but there remain many holes. Even so, the use of taxpayers' money to promote exports, be it through arms fairs, official visits, promotional material, diplomatic lobbying or demonstration must surely come under the microscope if the benefits to the economy are negligible or even negative. And this subsidy of promotion drives the cost of weapons around the world down, enabling many to purchase weapons that would otherwise be out of their league. Our tax pounds go to driving arms exports and conflict.
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Export credits
While much of the government's support is direct and clear, much is also complex,involving hidden subsidies. The British government's Export Credit Guarantee Department's (ECGD) support for arms exports makes up more than half of the direct subsidies. ECGD's very existence depends upon an ideological commitment to financially supporting UK exports abroad, despite a lack of support for such policies from economists. ECGD is a mechanism which enables the government to support favoured industries by supplying insurance for overseas contracts at a premium level below the market rate.
Although they account for less than2% of all UK exports, arms make up between a third and a half of ECGD sup-port. Our subsidy calculations are based on the difference between the ECGD and the market premium rates. If the government indeed had the market advantages it claims it has to justify its involvement through ECGD, then it would be profitable for it to engage in bond market speculation, and could reduce our taxes accordingly! ECGD's risk exposure is carried by the government's balance sheet.
MoD procurement
One of the key justifications for supporting exports is that Ministry of Defence military purchases from UK companies are correspondingly cheaper (as costs are spread over a larger production run). While there is some truth to this, many of the benefits are overstated. Also, there is some evidence, not least in the recent purchase of outdated Hawk aircraft by the RAF, that purchasing is distorted by the desire to market equipment to overseas purchasers.
Not only this, but it is the policies of states like Britain, France and Sweden to support their own defence industries that drives the export of arms (their own defence market not being large enough to support the economies of scale required). It is not only the size of defence budgets we should be challenging, but the favouritism extended to a small number of domestic producers.
Internationally
The story is the same for arms exporting countries around the world. The transparency and the mechanisms used by governments to support its defence exporters may vary, though some, notably export credits, are common to all. The latest study in the US on subsidies across government was published in 1996. William Hartung of the World Policy Institute estimated that annual US government subsidies to arms exports amounted to almost $8 billion. This reflects its superpower status and the more explicit use of military transfers to support allies such as Israel and Egypt.
Conclusion
Efforts to change the culture and assumptions of officials and the general public inevitably take time. Whilst many within government circles accept that there are significant subsidies involved, they still believe that they are necessary to protect a domestic defence industry and Britain's standing in the world.
Ultimately, significant change will only happen when the public and officials recognise that maintaining Britain's position alongside the US through heavy defence spending--and the support of our domestic defence industry--comes at a significant price, to both us and to those who buy our weapons, and, of course, to those on their receiving end.